Auliyā’ (أولياء) in Islam
Definition
Auliyā’ (أولياء) is the plural form of Walī (ولي), which is commonly translated as “saint” or “friend of God.” The term refers to individuals who hold a special and close relationship with Allah, characterized by piety, devotion, and often exhibiting miraculous signs.
Etymology
The Arabic term أولياء (Auliyā’) finds roots in the word ولاء (Walayah), indicating guardianship or friendship. In particular, the term reflects divine favor and protection for these individuals.
- Arabic: Auliyā’ (أولياء)
- Turkish: Evliya
Qur’anic Usage and Significance
The concept of Auliyā’ is highlighted distinctly in the Qurʾān. One notable verse is:
<p>“Are not the favorites of God those on whom no fear shall come, nor shall they be put to grief?” (Surah Yunus 10:63)</p>
This verse outlines the serene and elevated spiritual state of the Auliyā’, indicating their immunity from fear and sadness, marking them as special devotees of Allah.
Characteristics of Auliyā'
- Taqwa (Piety): Auliyā’ are characterized by their high levels of spiritual consciousness and fear of Allah.
- Ihsan (Excellence in Worship): They perform acts of worship not just out of duty, but with a profound sense of devotion and excellence.
- Miraculous Abilities: Often attributed with Karāmāt (miracles), which demonstrate their divine favor.
- Intercessors: Believed to serve as intercessors for others, seeking Allah’s mercy and blessings on their behalf.
In Islamic Theology and Culture
The reverence for Auliyā’ is historically visible in many Muslim-majority cultures, where their tombs and shrines, known as Dargahs or Mazars, become pilgrimage sites. Traditions of visiting these sites persist, especially in the Sufi branches of Islam.
Books for Further Studies
- “Islamic Sainthood in the Fullness of Time: Ibn al-Khaṭīb and the Politics of Sufism” by Paul Joosse.
- “Muslim Saints and Mystics (Tadhkirat al-Auliya’)” by Farid al-Din Attar.
- “Islamic Mysticism: A Secular Perspective” by Alexander Knysh.
- “The Path of Muhammad: A Book on Islamic Morals and Ethics” by Imam Birgivi.
Takeaways
- Auliyā’ are considered saints or special friends of Allah, who lead lives marked by profound piety and devotion.
- They resonate with the broader cultural and theological context within Islam and are key to various Islamic traditions and local practices.
- Understanding the role and significance of Auliyā’ provides deep insights into Islamic spirituality and historical practices across different cultures.
Conclusion
The term Auliyā’ (أولياء) is deeply embedded in Islamic theology, denoting individuals who maintain an exceptional relationship with Allah, reflected by their piety and spiritual honor. Qurʾānic references and cultural practices across the Muslim world highlight their esteemed status among believers, underscoring the significant interplay between divine favor, human piety, and spiritual legacy in the Islamic tradition.
For a well-rounded understanding of this concept, the suggested readings offer comprehensive insights into the spiritual and cultural dimensions of Auliyā’ across various historical and contemporary contexts.
