Aswad (الاسود)
Definition and Context
Aswad (الاسود), also known as ʿAbhalah ibn Kaʿb and surnamed Ẕū al-Ḥimār (“The Master of the Ass”), was a known impostor who claimed the prophetic office during the time of Prophet Muḥammad. He was a chief of the tribe of ʿAus, notable for his influential position and eloquent speech.
Etymology and Translations
- Arabic Translation: الاسود
- Turkish Translation: Asvad
The Arabic term الأسود literally translates to “The Black” or “The Dark One” in English, possibly indicating his distinct approach or character.
Historical Background
ʿAbhalah ibn Kaʿb rose to power during the final years of Prophet Muhammad’s life. He claimed to receive revelations from two angels, Suhaik and Shuraik, fortifying his influence using legerdemain and captivating oratory skills. His influence grew significantly, seizing control over Najrān and the territory of Tāʾif.
Upon the death of Bādhān, the governor of Yemen for Muḥammad, Aswad murdered Shahr, Bādhān’s son, and took his widow, Āzād, as his wife. This act marked his domination over Yemen. However, Aswad’s downfall came through a conspiracy involving Qais ibn ʿAbd Yaghūth, Firūz, and Āzād. They assassinated him the night before Muḥammad’s death.
Key Events and Downfall
- Aswad’s Capture of Yemen: Aswad successfully seized strategic regions, leveraging his influence and supposed divine revelations.
- Assassination Conspiracy: His assassination was meticulously planned by key figures who resented his rule, facilitated by his widow.
- Proclamation After Death: Following Aswad’s death, a declaration was made: “I bear witness that Muḥammad is the Apostle of God, and that ʿAbhalah is a liar.”
- Muhammad’s Prophecy: Before his death, Prophet Muḥammad foretold the appearance of thirty impostor prophets, including Aswad and Musaylimah.
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “The History of al-Tabari Vol. 9: The Last Years of the Prophet” by Ibn Jarir al-Tabari
- “Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources” by Martin Lings
- “The Sealed Nectar: Biography of Prophet Muhammad” by Safi-ur-Rahman al-Mubarkpuri
- “The Succession to Muhammad” by Wilferd Madelung
Takeaways
- Aswad’s Significance: His claim to prophethood poses an important narrative in early Islamic history, demonstrating challenges faced by the Muslim community.
- Insurrection and Downfall: Reflects the political turbulence and prophetic challenges during the formative period of Islam.
- Prophetic Predictions: Muhammad’s predictions about false prophets highlight ongoing religious and spiritual contention.
Conclusion
Aswad (الاسود) remains a significant figure in early Islamic history for his audacious claim to prophethood and the subsequent political maneuvers. His story stands as a cautionary tale within Islamic tradition about the emergence of false prophets and the complexities of leadership and legitimacy.
By exploring the life and actions of Aswad, students of Islamic history can better understand the broader socio-political context of the early Muslim community and the enduring legacy of the Prophet Muhammad’s warnings and teachings.
