Definition and Significance
The term “ass” in Islamic law, as defined by Imām Abū Ḥanīfah, denotes an unclean animal. This classification carries significant implications in terms of dietary laws and religious obligations within Islamic jurisprudence.
Etymology and Translations
- Etymology: The English word “ass” derives from the Old English “assa,” meaning a domesticated mammal (Equus africanus asinus).
- Arabic: الحمار (
al-himār) - Turkish: Eşek
Unclean Status According to Imām Abū Ḥanīfah
Imām Abū Ḥanīfah, one of the four great Imāms in Sunni Islam, dictates that the ass is considered an unclean animal. This verdict impacts several aspects of Islamic life:
-
Dietary Laws:
- Flesh and Milk: The consumption of the flesh and milk of an ass is unlawful (ḥarām).
-
Zakāt (Charitable Giving):
- Exemption from Zakāt: An ass is not subject to zakāt (charitable giving), distinguishing it from other livestock such as cattle, sheep, and camels.
References in Islamic Jurisprudence
- Hamilton’s Hidāyah: References to this ruling can be found in Hamilton’s translation of Al-Hidayah, a classical manual of Islamic jurisprudence:
- Volume I, page 16
- Volume IV, pages 74 and 86
Further Studies and Suggested Books
- “Al-Hidayah: A Classical Manual of Hanafi Law” by Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani, translated by Charles Hamilton: Offers extensive coverage on Hanafi jurisprudence including the classification of animals.
- “The Purity of Animals in Islam” by Gholamreza Iraji: Examines the concept of purity and impurity in animals within Islamic dietary laws.
- “Handbook of Classical Islamic Law” by Justin Stearns: Provides a comprehensive introduction to classical Islamic legal principles and discussions surrounding various topics including dietary laws.
Key Takeaways
- The ass is classified as unclean under Hanafi jurisprudence.
- Consumption of its flesh and milk is prohibited.
- Asses are exempt from zakāt, differentiating them from other livestock obligations in Islamic charity law.
Conclusion
Understanding the status of the ass in Islam according to Imām Abū Ḥanīfah provides insight into broader themes of purity, dietary laws, and zakāt regulations in Hanafi jurisprudence. For students of Islamic law, distinguishing between what is permissible and impermissible according to different schools of thought is crucial for comprehensive religious and legal understanding.
