Introduction to Arabic
Arabic (Lisānu-ʾl-ʿArab or Lug͟hatu ʾl-ʿArab), often referred to as the classical language of Arabia, is immensely important in Islamic tradition. It is the language of the Qur’an and the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (Hadith), and because of its unmatched excellence, it is often simply called اللغة (al-lughah), or “the language.”
Arabic in Islamic Texts
Qur’anic Reference
The Qur’an itself makes mention of the uniqueness and purity of the Arabic language in Sūrah 16:105:
<p>“They say, Surely a person teacheth him [i.e., Muhammad]. But the tongue of him at whom they hint is foreign, while this [i.e., the Qur’an] is plain Arabic.”</p>
Historical Context
Prior to the advent of Islam, various dialects of Arabic coexisted throughout the Arabian Peninsula. These dialects often differed significantly, as tribal feuds prevented a unifying linguistic evolution. However, certain periods, such as the sacred months and the annual pilgrimage to fairs like ʿUkāz̤, helped to blend these dialects.
Evolution of Classical Arabic
The Role of the Quraish Tribe
The Quraish tribe played a pivotal role in refining the Arabic language. According to the tradition, they amalgamated the best features of the various dialects:
- Claim: Qatādah states that the Quraish sought out the most excellent elements in Arabic dialects, forming a superior composite.
- Counter Claim: Many Quraish children were sent to the desert to master the purer forms of speech, and Muhammad himself was nurtured among the Saʿd ibn Bakr ibn Hawāzin tribe to acquire linguistic chastity.
The Qur’an as Linguistic Standard
The language of the Qur’an is recognized as the most perfect form of Arabic. Its status as divine utterance precludes critical appraisal by Muslims, thus setting it as the ultimate standard for Arabic literature.
Key Terms and Translations
- Arabic: Lisānu-ʾl-ʿArab (لسان العرب) / Lug͟hatu ʾl-ʿArab (لغة العرب)
- The Language: al-lughah (اللغة)
- Qur’an: Qurʾān (القرآن)
Books for Further Study
- “Lane’s Arabic-English Lexicon” by Edward William Lane
- “The Holy Qur’an: Text, Translation and Commentary” by Abdullah Yusuf Ali
- “Palmer’s Qur’an” by Edward Henry Palmer
- “Arabic: A Linguistic Introduction” by Karin C. Ryding
Takeaways and Conclusion
Arabic, particularly its classical form, holds a venerable place in Islamic teaching and cultural history. Rooted in both the sacred text of the Qur’an and the traditions of Muhammad, it not only facilitates religious practice but also preserves a rich linguistic heritage. Knowing Arabic offers deeper insight into Islamic texts and enhances the understanding of Muslim cultural and intellectual history.
Understanding the progression from the ancient dialects to the exquisite language of the Qur’an helps appreciate the linguistic unity brought about by Islam. The excellence of Arabic as a timeless and divine medium underscores its significance in the Muslim world.
