Apostle in Islam: Definition, Etymology, and Significance
The term “Apostle” in the context of Islam encapsulates two Arabic terms: rasūl (رسول) and ḥawārī (حواري). Each of these terms carries distinct yet interconnected meanings within the Islamic tradition.
Rasūl (رسول)
Definition
The term rasūl translates to “apostle” or “messenger.” In Islamic theology, it specifically refers to a prophet who carries a divine scripture. The most prominent use of this term is in reference to the Prophet Muhammad, who is considered the final rasūl in Islam.
Etymology
From the Arabic root r-s-l, the word rasūl signifies someone who is sent forth. This term is deeply intertwined with the concept of prophethood in Islam, highlighting the role of an individual who conveys God’s commandments.
Islamic Context
In the Qur’an, the term rasūl is frequently used to denote messengers entrusted with conveying God’s guidance to humanity. Muhammad is often referred to as Rasūl Allah (Messenger of God), solidifying his role as a central figure in Islam.
Ḥawārī (حواري)
Definition
The word ḥawārī is used in Islamic scripture to denote the apostles or disciples of Jesus (Isa). While it primarily refers to the followers of Jesus in the Qur’an, it can also be applied to the companions and followers of other prophets.
Etymology
Derived from the Æthiopic ḥōra meaning “to go,” and ḥawāryā meaning “apostle,” the term is also associated with the Arabic root ḥ-w-r meaning “to be white.” According to Islamic scholars, including the commentator al-Baiẓāwī, the term might imply “purity” of life and sincerity, or refer to the tradition of wearing white garments, signifying purity and respectability.
Occurrences in the Qur’an
- Surah Al ‘Imran (3:52, 3:53): These verses mention the ḥawārīyūn, the disciples of Jesus.
- Surah An-Nisa (4:157): Refers to the support of ḥawārīyūn for Jesus.
- Surah As-Saff (61:14): Highlights the apostles’ allegiance to Jesus.
Broader Usage
In Islamic Traditions (Hadith), especially those compiled in works like Mishkāt, the term ḥawārī is extended to refer to the close followers or companions of all the prophets, emphasizing faithfulness and support in the divine mission.
Further Studies
For an in-depth examination of “Apostle” in Islamic thought, consider these scholarly works:
- “The Prophets in the Qur’an” by Brannon M. Wheeler – Offers detailed insights into the lives and roles of prophets, including distinctions between rasūl and nabī (prophet).
- “The Qur’an: A New Translation” by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem – Provides accessible English translations with explanations of prophetic terms.
- “Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources” by Martin Lings – Explores the life of Muhammad, elaborating on the concept of rasūl.
Takeaways
- Rasūl signifies a messenger or apostle, primarily associated with Muhammad in Islam.
- Ḥawārī refers to the disciples or close followers of Jesus, and by extension, other prophets.
- Understanding these terms provides deeper insights into the roles and recognition of prophetic figures in Islamic theology.
Conclusion
The nuanced understanding of rasūl and ḥawārī enriches our comprehension of Islamic teachings on prophethood and discipleship. Each term, with its specific connotations and historical context, contributes to the broader narrative of divine guidance in Islam.
