Amulets in Islam
Arabic: Ḥamāʾil (حمائل), Taʿwīẕ (تعويذ), Ḥijāb (حجاب)
Turkish: Muska
Definition
Amulets, known in Arabic as Ḥamāʾil (حمائل), Taʿwīẕ (تعويذ), or Ḥijāb (حجاب), are objects carried or worn for protection. The word ḥamāʾil connotes “anything suspended,” taʿwīẕ means “a refuge,” and ḥijāb translates to “a cover.” These concepts are deeply ingrained in the cultural practices of many Muslim communities.
Etymology
- Ḥamāʾil (حمائل): Derived from the root “ḥ-m-l” (ح-م-ل), meaning “to carry” or “to suspend.”
- Taʿwīẕ (تعويذ): Comes from “ʿ-w-d” (ع-و-ذ), meaning “to seek refuge.”
- Ḥijāb (حجاب): Rooted in “ḥ-j-b” (ح-ج-ب), meaning “to veil” or “to cover.”
Types of Amulets
In Islamic tradition, various types of amulets serve different protective functions:
- Small Qur’ān: Encased in silk or leather and often suspended from the shoulder.
- Qur’ānic Verses: Written on paper, folded, and encased in leather or velvet.
- Names of God: Specific names of Allah (or their numerical equivalents, known from the ABJAD system) used for protection.
- Names of Prophets and Saints: Similar to the divine names, invoking these righteous figures.
- Muḥammadan Creed: Frequently engraved on stone or silver.
Common Qur’ānic Verses Used
Certain chapters (Sūrahs) and verses of the Qur’ān are often selected for amulets:
- Sūrahs 1, 6, 18, 36, 44, 55, 67, 78.
- Five verses known as the Āyātu ’l-Ḥifz or “Verses of Protection”:
- Sūrah 2:256
- Sūrah 12:64
- Sūrah 13:12
- Sūrah 15:17
- Sūrah 37:7
Usage and Significance
Amulets in the Islamic context are used to avert evil and provide protection, typically worn on the arm, leg, or around the neck. They are also placed on homes, animals, or any object from which one seeks to avert harm. According to traditionally accepted Islamic principles, only the names of God or verses from the Qur’ān should be used in making amulets.
Correct Usage According to Islamic Law
Islamic theology emphasizes that while amulets can contain Qur’anic text and divine names, any form of polytheism or shirk in their use is strictly forbidden. Amulets should not be used as talismans with the belief that they possess an inherent power independent of Allah.
Further Studies
- Books:
- “Islamic Amulets” by T.S. Spies - A comprehensive study on the usage and historical context of amulets in Islamic culture.
- “Magic and Divination in Early Islam” by Emilie Savage-Smith - Explores the various forms of magical practices, including amulets, in medieval Islamic culture.
- “The Amulets of Islamic Magic” by Allan James Crawford - Detailed analysis of the different materials and scriptures used in creating Islamic amulets.
Takeaways
- The concept of amulets in Islam—Ḥamāʾil, Taʿwīẕ, and Ḥijāb—is culturally significant and steeped in tradition.
- Only the names of Allah and Qur’anic verses are permissible in amulets according to Islamic doctrine.
- The primary purpose of an amulet is to offer protection and avert evil, aligning with the broader Islamic teachings of seeking refuge in Allah.
Conclusion
Amulets play a multifaceted role in Islamic cultures, embodying historical, theological, and cultural dimensions. Proper understanding and use of amulets, as prescribed by Islamic law, reflect a deep commitment to faith and tradition, ensuring that believers remain rooted in the core tenets of Islam while navigating daily adversities.
