ABDĀL (ابدال‎)

Introduction

ABDĀL (ابدال‎) or “Substitutes” refers to a group of spiritually elite persons considered by certain Islamic traditions to uphold the moral and spiritual order of the universe. This concept has roots in various Sufi and mystical traditions within Islam.

Etymology and Translations

• Arabic: ابدال
• Root Word: “Badal” (بَدَلَ) meaning “to replace” or “substitute.”
• Turkish: Ebdaller

Concept and Belief

The ABDĀL are believed to be a group of 70 saintly figures who play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the world’s spiritual and moral order. Traditionally, it is said that 40 of these figures reside in Syria, and the remaining 30 are spread across other parts of the world. Upon the death of an ABDĀL, another is divinely appointed to take their place.

Characteristics and Signs

• Secrecy: The identities of the ABDĀL are exclusively known to God, and they often remain incognito to the world.
• Divine Appointment: They are appointed by God rather than through any form of human recognition or institutional authority.
• Eschatological Significance: The emergence of ABDĀL from Syria is considered one of the signs of the last day.

Cultural and Historical Context

The concept of ABDĀL holds a special place in Sufi and broader Islamic mysticism. These figures are often seen as the hidden pillars who contribute to the spiritual health of the ummah (community). Traditional texts like “Mishkāt Al-Maṣābīḥ” reference ABDĀL, providing a framework for their understanding.

Key References

• Mishkāt Al-Maṣābīḥ:
  • Book: Mishkāt Al-Maṣābīḥ
  • Section: Chapter 23, Hadith 3

For Further Study

• Books on Sufism and Islamic Mysticism:
  1. “Islamic Sufism” by Idries Shah
  2. “Sufism: An Introduction to the Mystical Tradition of Islam” by Carl W. Ernst
  3. “The Mystics of Islam” by Reynold A. Nicholson
• Online Resources:
  • Al-Islam.org: Articles and treatises on ABDĀL and other spiritual concepts in Islam.
  • Sufism.org: Resources and explanations about Islamic mysticism and prominent figures.

Takeaways

• Hidden Servants: The ABDĀL are hidden from the public eye, emphasizing humility and divine service over recognition.
• Spiritual Guardians: They uphold the moral and spiritual balance of the world, signifying the hidden dimensions of divine justice and grace.
• Eschatological Role: They play a part in Islamic eschatology, marking their importance in theological narratives.

Conclusion

The concept of ABDĀL encapsulates the intricate weave of spirituality, divine appointment, and eschatology in Islamic thought. By exploring this concept, one gains deeper insights into the mystical dimensions of Islam and the unseen forces believed to uphold the world’s moral and spiritual fabric.