Aṣḥāb (اصحاب‎)

Aṣḥāb (اصحاب‎)

Definition

Aṣḥāb (اصحاب‎) is the plural of Ṣāḥib (صاحب), referring to the Companions or Associates of the Prophet Muḥammad. The singular term ṣaḥābī (صحابي) is used to denote an individual companion.

Etymology

• Aṣḥāb (Arabic: اصحاب‎): Derived from the root word Ṣ-Ḥ-B, which means “to accompany” or “to associate.”
• Ṣāḥib (Arabic: صاحب): Means “companion,” “friend,” or “associate.”

Turkish Translation

• Aṣḥāb: Aşhab
• Ṣāḥib: Sahip

Criteria for Companionship

There is considerable discussion among Islamic scholars regarding the criteria for being considered a “Companion” of the Prophet Muḥammad.

1. Saʿīd ibn al-Musaiyab: Restricted the term to those who had been with Muḥammad for a year or more and had participated in a warlike expedition.
2. General Opinion: Considered anyone who embraced Islam, saw the Prophet, and accompanied him, even if briefly, as a “Companion.”
3. Varying Views:
   • Puberty, embraced Islam, and seen the Prophet, even if only for an hour.
   • Mutual choice and constant adherence to the Prophet.

Classes of Companionship

According to Abū ʾl-Fidāʾ, the “Companions” have been categorized into thirteen classes:

1. First Embracers: K͟hadījah, ʿAlī, Zaid, and Abū Bakr.
2. Believers after Establishment: Including ʿUmar.
3. Abyssinian Refugees.
4. First Companions of ʿAqabah: Preceded the Auxiliaries.
5. Second Companions of ʿAqabah.
6. Third Companions of ʿAqabah: Seventy in number.
7. Refugees to Qubā: Before the erection of the temple.
8. Soldiers of Badr.
9. Believers between Badr and Hudaibiyah.
10. Fealty at Hudaibiyah: Those who took the oath under the acacia tree.
11. Post-Hudaibiyah to Pre-Conquest Believers.
12. Day of Conquest Converts.
13. Children during the Prophet’s time: Who had seen him.

Significance

Prophet Muḥammad frequently praised his Companions for their virtues and contributions to the early Islamic community. He is reported to have said, “My companions are like stars by which roads are found; for whichever companion you follow, you will find the right road.” (Mishkāt al-Masābīḥ, xxiv. c. xiii.)

Books for Further Study

1. “Companions of the Prophet” by Abdul Wahid Hamid
2. “Men Around the Messenger” by Khalid Muhammad Khalid
3. “The Life of Muhammad” by Ibn Ishaq (translated by A. Guillaume)
4. “Muhammad: Man and Prophet” by Adil Salahi
5. “The History of al-Tabari” by al-Tabari

Key Takeaways

• The term Aṣḥāb denotes the Companions of Prophet Muḥammad, revered figures in Islamic history who played pivotal roles in the early Muslim community.
• Definitions and criteria for being a ṣaḥābī vary, reflecting different historical and theological perspectives.
• Companions are categorized based on their relationship and contribution to the Prophet’s mission.
• The Prophet Muḥammad held his Companions in high regard, valuing their guidance and company.

Conclusion

The Aṣḥāb of Prophet Muḥammad are central figures in Islamic history, embodying the earliest values and traditions of the Islamic faith. Their lives and actions continue to serve as moral and spiritual exemplars for Muslims around the world. Understanding their diverse roles offers a richer comprehension of the formative period of Islam and the enduring legacy of the Prophet Muḥammad’s mission.

By delving into the lives and roles of the Aṣḥāb, modern readers can gain invaluable insights into the foundational period of Islam, encouraging a deeper appreciation for the religion’s early community and its enduring legacy.