Ẕikr (ذكر‎)

Introduction

Ẕikr (Arabic: ذكر‎, Turkish: Zikir) is a fundamental practice in Islam, particularly within the Sufi tradition, referring to the remembrance of God. Derived from the Arabic root “ذ ك ر” (dh-k-r), meaning “to remember,” Ẕikr involves the repetition of divine names, phrases, and supplications designed to draw the worshipper closer to the Divine presence.

Etymology and Definitions

Etymology: The word Ẕikr is rooted in the Arabic “ذَكر,” which translates to “remembrance” or “mention.” In Hebrew, it aligns with זָכַר‎ (zākhar), carrying similar connotations of remembrance.

Definition:

1. English: The act of remembering or reciting the names of God.
2. Arabic: ذكر‎ (Ẕikr)
3. Turkish: Zikir

Historical Background

The practice of Ẕikr dates back to the time of Prophet Muhammad and has evolved with varying forms across different Islamic orders. It is an integral part of the spiritual exercises conducted by Sufis, aimed at achieving divine proximity and spiritual enlightenment.

Types of Ẕikr

Jalī (loud) and K͟hafī (silent)

Ẕikr is broadly categorized into two types:

1. Ẕikr Jalī (ذكر جلي): Performed aloud, this form involves vocal recitation, often accompanied by rhythmic movements.

   • Naqshbandīyah Order: Prefers silent Ẕikr.
   • Chishtīyah and Qādirīyah Orders: Prefer loud recitations.

2. Ẕikr K͟hafī (ذكر خفي): Conducted silently or mentally, focusing on the internal dimensions of divine remembrance.

Methodologies of Ẕikr

Ẕikr Jalī Example (Via Qaulu ʾl-Jamīl by Maulawī Shāh Walīyu ʾllāh, Delhi):

• Worshippers shout “Allāh” from varying physical postures, indicating a sound drawing from different parts of the body.
• Repetition and increased vocal intensity foster spiritual focus and remove worldly distractions.

Ẕikr K͟hafī Example:

• Silent recitation of divine phrases like “Allāhu Samīʿun” (God the Hearer), “Allāhu Baṣīrun” (God the Seer), highlighting internal contemplation.
• Can involve cycles of breath-tied recitations, such as “lā ilāha” (exhalation) and “illā ʾllāhu” (inhalation), often performed hundreds or thousands of times for spiritual purification.

Integration with Meditation (Murāqabah)

Ẕikr is often paired with Murāqabah (the term for meditation):

• Recitation of phrases like “Allāho hāzirī” (God who is present with me) serves as the meditation precursor.
• Focused contemplation on Qur’anic verses strengthens the meditator’s spiritual depth.

Philosophical and Mystical Dimensions

The practice of Ẕikr is deeply ingrained in Islamic mysticism. Sufis believe it opens the “two doors of the heart,” enlightening both the physical and spiritual realms. The symbolism of heart-focused meditations (e.g., envisioning the phrase “lā ilāha illā ʾllāhu” passing through the heart) illustrates the transformative aspect of this practice.

Observations and Cultural Practices

The detailed account of Ẕikr practices includes:

• Detailed descriptions of public and private recitations.
• Usage of rosaries (tasbīḥ) for counting divine names.
• Variations across Sufi orders (Qādirīyah, Naqshbandīyah, etc.).
• Extended to cultural practices observed in mosques and Dervish gatherings.

Scholarly Insights and Literature

Selected Books for Further Study:

• “The Dervishes: Or Oriental Spiritualism” by John P. Brown
• “Sufism: Love and Wisdom” by Jean-Louis Michon
• “Paths to the Heart: Sufism and the Christian East” edited by James S. Cutsinger

Takeaways and Conclusion

Ẕikr is an essential practice embodying both personal devotion and communal spirituality in Islam. Whether recited aloud or silently, it remains a profound means to foster divine consciousness and connect with God’s presence. Its diverse methods offer a versatile approach to spiritual growth and inner peace.

Conclusion

Understanding Ẕikr provides insight into the spiritual core of Islamic practice, illustrating how rhythmic recitation and meditative focus can deepen one’s connection with the Divine. Its practice, deeply embedded in the fabric of Islamic mysticism and daily life, continues to be a vital aspect of Muslim devotion across the world.

By deepening the understanding and practice of Ẕikr, Muslims and students of Islamic traditions may cultivate a richer spiritual life and a more profound understanding of divine remembrance.