ṢAUM (صوم)
Definition
ṢAUM (صوم) refers to fasting, an integral act of worship in Islam. Observed by abstaining from food, drink, smoking, and marital relations from dawn until sunset, fasting serves as a means of spiritual purification and heightened devotion to God.
Etymology
- Arabic: صوم (ṢAUM) - The literal meaning is “abstinence” or “refraining.”
- Turkish: Oruç - Although derived from a different root, it carries the same religious connotation.
- Persian: روزه (rozah) - A term synonymous with fasting used in Persian-speaking regions.
Context and Practices
Obligatory Fasting - Ramażān
Ramażān, the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar, is the primary period for obligatory fasting. Ṣawm during Ramażān commemorates the first revelation of the Quran to Prophet Muhammad.
Voluntary Fasting
Apart from Ramażān, various other instances for voluntary fasting (ṢAUM al-tatawwu) are highly recommended, including the Day of Ashura and the six days of Shawwal following Ramażān.
Key Rituals and Legal Rulings
- Intention (NIYYAH): A prerequisite for a valid fast, to be made before dawn.
- Pre-Dawn Meal (SUHUR): Highly recommended though not obligatory.
- Breaking Fast (IFTAR): Traditionally opened with dates and water after sunset.
Theological and Ethical Significance
ṢAUM symbolizes self-discipline, empathy for the less fortunate, and obedience to divine commandments. It fosters a sense of community and reinforces the virtues of patience and humility.
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “Fasting in Islam and the Month of Ramadan: A Comprehensive Guide” by Ali Unal
- “Islamic Fasting and Well-Being: Perspectives from Islamic Theology and Sciences” by Nurdeng Deuraseh
- “The Book of Fasting (Kitab al-Sawm)” from Sahih al-Bukhari - An authentic collection of Hadith
Takeaways
- ṢAUM: Beyond mere abstinence; a multifaceted worship involving physical restraint, spiritual reflection, and social consciousness.
- RAMAŻĀN: A pivotal period focusing on the Quran, communal prayers, and increased almsgiving.
Conclusion
ṢAUM, in its various forms, uncovers the profound interconnection between human self-restraint and spiritual enlightenment within Islam. By embracing this practice, Muslims across the world reaffirm their devotion to God and solidarity with one another.
