ṢAḤĪFATU ʾL-AʿMĀL (صحيفة الاعمال)
Definition
ṢAḤĪFATU ʾL-AʿMĀL (صحيفة الاعمال) translates to “The Book of Actions” in English. This pivotal concept in Islamic theology refers to the metaphorical record of an individual’s deeds, which is maintained by the recording angels, known as Kirāmu ʾl-Kātibīn (the Noble Scribes). These records are said to be kept until the Day of Judgment, when they will be presented for each individual to see and account for their actions.
Etymology
The term ṢAḤĪFATU ʾL-AʿMĀL (صحيفة الاعمال) comprises two words:
- Ṣaḥīfa (صحيفة): Means “book” or “document.”
- ʿAʿmāl (الاعمال): Plural of ʿAmal (عمل), meaning “actions” or “deeds.”
Together, they form the term that describes the comprehensive record of a person’s deeds.
Scriptural References
The concept of the ṢAḤĪFATU ʾL-AʿMĀL is grounded in the Qur’ān, which describes this book in multiple verses:
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Surah Qāf (50:16-18):
<p>“When two (angels) charged with taking account shall take it, one sitting on the right hand and another on the left.”</p>
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Surah Al-Isra (17:13-14):
<p>“And every man’s fate have We (God) fastened about his neck; and on the Day of Resurrection will We bring forth to him a book, which shall be proffered to him wide open: ‘Read thy Book: There needeth none but thyself to make out an account against thee this day.’”</p>
Theological Significance
The concept of ṢAḤĪFATU ʾL-AʿMĀL underscores the principle of individual accountability in Islam. Each person is responsible for their own actions, which are meticulously recorded by Kirāmu ʾl-Kātibīn and will be examined on the Day of Judgment. This serves as a solemn reminder of the ethical and moral responsibilities each Muslim holds in their daily life.
Recommended Books for Further Study
- “Angels and Demons in Islam” by Amira El-Zein: This book explores the roles of various supernatural beings in Islamic theology, including Kirāmu ʾl-Kātibīn.
- “Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam” by A. Mohamad: Offers a comprehensive overview of Sunni Islamic theological concepts, including the doctrine of human accountability.
- “The Qur’an: An Encyclopedia” edited by Oliver Leaman: Provides detailed information on numerous topics within the Qur’an, including detailed exegesis of relevant verses about ṢAḤĪFATU ʾL-AʿMĀL.
Takeaways and Conclusion
The ṢAḤĪFATU ʾL-AʿMĀL plays a fundamental role in Islamic eschatology, emphasizing the importance of individual accountability and ethical behavior. It reflects the core belief in a meticulous divine justice system where every deed is recorded and will be accounted for on the Day of Judgment. Understanding this concept encourages Muslims to live a righteous and conscientious life, always mindful of their ultimate return to God.
