Ḥikmah (حكمة)
Definition
Ḥikmah (حكمة, pronounced hik-mah) is an Arabic term commonly translated as “wisdom.” In the context of Islamic thought, it encompasses a profound understanding and insight that goes beyond mere knowledge. Ḥikmah is often associated with the understanding of the essence, attributes, and purposes of things as they exist. This wisdom is not just theoretical but also practical, guiding ethical and spiritual practices.
Etymology
The term “Ḥikmah” (حكمة) derives from the Arabic root ḥ-k-m (ح ك م), which conveys meanings related to judgment, governance, and decisiveness. This root is also the basis of words like ḥākim (حاكم, “ruler” or “judge”) and ḥukm (حكم, “judgment” or “rule”).
Translations
- Arabic: حكمة (Ḥikmah)
- Turkish: Hikmet
Significance in the Qur’an
The concept of Ḥikmah is mentioned in the Qur’an, highlighting its divine origin and significance. For instance, in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:269):
<p>“He (God) grants wisdom (Ḥikmah) to whom He wills, and whoever has been granted wisdom has certainly been given much good.”</p>
Types of Ḥikmah in Sufism
Sufi mystics, who delve deeply into the spiritual aspects of Islam, describe four distinct kinds of Ḥikmah:
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Al-Ḥikmatu ʾl-Mant̤ūqah (الحكمة المنطوقة)
Spoken wisdom, which is conveyed through the Qur’an and the Tariqah (the Sufi path). -
Al-Ḥikmatu ʾl-Maskūtah (الحكمة المسكوتة)
Unspoken wisdom, which is understood intuitively by Sufi mystics and not easily grasped by the common person. -
Al-Ḥikmatu ʾl-Majhūlah (الحكمة المجهولة)
Unknown wisdom, referring to the acts of the Creator whose wisdom is beyond human understanding, such as the existence of suffering and the mysteries of divine judgment. -
Al-Ḥikmatu ʾl-Jāmiʿah (الحكمة الجامعة)
Collective wisdom, which is the comprehensive knowledge of truth (ḥaqq) and error (bāṭil), guiding one in accepting the former and rejecting the latter.
Takeaways
- Ḥikmah is a multifaceted concept that goes beyond knowledge to include deep understanding and practical wisdom.
- It is a divine gift that aids in discernment and ethical conduct.
- The Sufi interpretation of Ḥikmah adds layers of depth, emphasizing both revealed and intuitive wisdom.
Suggestion for Further Studies
For those interested in delving deeper into the concept of Ḥikmah and Islamic philosophy, the following books are recommended:
- “The Wisdom of Sufism” by Leonard Lewishon.
- “The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary” by Seyyed Hossein Nasr et al.
- “Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines” by Seyyed Hossein Nasr.
Conclusion
The concept of Ḥikmah in Islamic thought is essential for understanding the depth and breadth of spiritual and ethical wisdom in the faith. It encompasses the ability to discern and act upon divine truths, shaping a practitioner’s approach to life and spirituality in significant ways. Through studying Ḥikmah, one gains valuable insights into the divine wisdom that underpins Islamic teachings and Sufi mysticism.
