ʿUs̤mān (عثمان)
Definition
ʿUs̤mān ibn ʿAffān (عثمان بن عفان) is a significant figure in Islamic history, serving as the third Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. He reigned from 23 AH (643 AD) until his assassination in 35 AH (656 AD). His tenure is marked by substantial contributions to Islamic governance and the compilation of the Qur’an.
Etymology and Translations
- Arabic: عثمان بن عفان (ʿUs̤mān ibn ʿAffān)
- Turkish: Osman bin Affan
Titles and Epithets
- Ẕū ʾn-Nūrain (ذو النورين): “The Possessor of the Two Lights,” referring to his marriage to two of the Prophet Muhammad’s daughters, Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum.
Historical Significance
The Third Caliph
ʿUs̤mān ibn ʿAffān became the third Caliph after the death of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb. His reign lasted twelve years, and he was known for his piety and commitment to Islamic governance. However, his tenure was controversial due to allegations of nepotism and favoritism towards his Umayyad relatives, which fueled political unrest.
Compilation of the Qur’an
One of ʿUs̤mān’s most enduring contributions to Islam was the second and final revision of the Qur’an. Recognizing the variations in Qur’anic recitations across the expanding Islamic empire, he commissioned a standardized version to be compiled and distributed, ensuring uniformity in the recitation and preservation of the sacred text.
Political Tensions
During his rule, ʿUs̤mān faced increasing dissent and opposition, leading to political turmoil and eventually his assassination. These internal conflicts contributed to the schism between Sunni and Shia Muslims, as different factions supported different leaders.
Death and Legacy
ʿUs̤mān was assassinated on the 18th of Dhul-Hijjah, 35 AH (June 17th, 656 AD), during a siege on his house in Medina by rebels. His death marked the beginning of significant divisions within the Muslim community, which paved the way for the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty and deepened the Sunni-Shia split.
Further Studies
- Books:
- “The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate” by Wilferd Madelung
- “ʿUs̤mān: The Third Caliph of Islam” by M. Haykal
- “The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad” by Lesley Hazleton focuses on the broader context of early Islamic history.
Takeaways
- ʿUs̤mān ibn ʿAffān’s most notable contributions included the compilation of the Qur’an and the administrative expansion of the Islamic state.
- His reign was marred by internal dissent, accusations of nepotism, and political conflicts, leading to significant historical ramifications.
- His death symbolized the deepening divisions within the Islamic community, laying the groundwork for the Sunni-Shia divide.
Conclusion
ʿUs̤mān ibn ʿAffān played a pivotal role in shaping early Islamic governance and religious practices. Despite a contentious rule, his efforts in standardizing the Qur’an have left a lasting legacy in ensuring the preservation of the sacred text for future generations. His life and reign remain subjects of extensive study and discussion within Islamic scholarship.
