ʿIshq (عشق) in Islam
Definition
ʿIshq (عشق) is an Arabic term broadly translated as “love.” Distinctively, in Islamic mystic literature, particularly within Sufism, ʿIshq refers to an intense, passionate, and often overwhelming love, typically describing the profound love between a believer and the Divine. This term is richly intertwined with the concepts of divine love and spiritual longing.
Etymology
The term “ʿIshq” (عشق) in Arabic stems from the root ع-ش-ق (ʿa-sh-q), which conveys the depths and intensity of love. The connotation of ʿIshq involves a form of love that transcends ordinary affection, implying a sense of frenzied devotion and fervor. The Turkish equivalent adopts the same root, spelled as “Aşk,” reflecting similar mystic and poetic contexts found in Turkish Sufi literature.
Distinction Between ʿIshq and ḥubb
While ʿIshq is often used in the context of divine and mystical love, the term “ḥubb” (حب) is more commonly used by orthodox Islamic scholars to denote love for God or love towards God. ḥubb implies a more balanced, steady form of affection, while ʿIshq implies an overpowering and intense love.
Types of Love in Islamic Thought
Islamic scholars and mystics often categorize love into various types:
1. ʿIshq-e-Haqiqi (عشق حقیقی)
This translates to “True Love,” denoting the pure, unadulterated love for the Divine. It represents the highest form of spiritual love, seeking unity and intimacy with God.
2. ʿIshq-e-Majazi (عشق مجازی)
This means “Metaphorical Love,” referring to transient, temporal love, often in human relationships. This form of love is seen as a stepping stone to experiencing and understanding Divine Love.
The Role of ʿIshq in Sufism
In Sufism, ʿIshq is esteemed as a critical element in the spiritual journey (suluk) towards God. It transcends both emotional and rational dimensions, permeating the heart entirely. Sufi poets like Rumi, Hafez, and Ibn Arabi extensively incorporated ʿIshq into their poetic and philosophical works, exemplifying the mystical path of divine love.
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “The Sufi Path of Love” by William C. Chittick
- Explores Rumi’s poetry and teachings on divine love.
- “The Essence of Sufism” by John Baldock
- Provides a concise introduction to the fundamental principles of Sufism.
- “The Mystics of Islam” by Reynold A. Nicholson
- Examines the lives, poetry, and spiritual teachings of leading Sufi mystics.
- “Stations of the Heart: Love in Islamic Mysticism” by Omid Safi
- Studies the various stages and expressions of love within Islamic mysticism.
Takeaways and Conclusion
ʿIshq (عشق) represents a pinnacle of spiritual love in Islamic mysticism, signifying an all-consuming passion for the Divine. Unlike ḥubb, which denotes a more temperate form of love, ʿIshq embodies an intense yearning and devotion that mirrors the transformative journey towards spiritual enlightenment in Sufism. This profound concept underscores the importance of love in the believer’s relationship with God, guiding them through a path of divine union and mystical knowledge.
Understanding ʿIshq enriches our comprehension of Islamic spiritual traditions and underscores the perennial quest for divine love across different cultures and religious experiences.
