ʿILMU ʾS-SIḤR (علم السحر)
Definition
ʿILMU ʾS-SIḤR (علم السحر) refers to the “science of magic” in Islam. The term deals with the study, understanding, and practice of magic—a subject that is both deeply fascinating and controversial within Islamic thought.
Etymology
- Arabic: علم السحر (ʿILMU ʾS-SIḤR)
- ʿILMU (علم): Science or knowledge.
- ʾS-SIḤR (السحر): Magic, sorcery, or witchcraft.
- Turkish: Sihir Bilimi.
Historical Context
The concept of magic, or siḥr, has been a part of various cultures and religious traditions throughout history, including Islam. Early Islamic texts often discussed magic in the context of its legitimacy, moral implications, and potential harm or benefits.
Theological Perspectives
In Islamic theology, magic is generally regarded with suspicion and is often deemed forbidden (haram). The Qur’an and Hadith literature provide insights into the nature of magic and the dangers it poses:
- Quranic References: Magic is condemned in several verses, notably in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:102), where Harut and Marut, two angels in Babylon, teach people magic as a test.
- Hadith Insights: Hadith collections caution against practicing magic, emphasizing its harmful effects and incompatibility with Islamic monotheism (Tawhid).
Islamic Law and Legal Rulings
Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) categorically forbids the practice of magic (siḥr), viewing it as an act that contradicts the core principles of faith (iman) and dependence on Allah. Scholars have issued fatwas (legal opinions) against working with or seeking out magic for any purpose.
Islamic Intellectual History
Throughout Islamic intellectual history, scholars have debated the nature of siḥr. Some have dismissed it as illusions and superstition, while others recognized it as a real occult practice but warned against its use due to its potential for moral and spiritual corruption.
Cultural Practices
While Islamic law clearly prohibits magic, cultural practices related to magic and superstition linger in various Muslim communities. These practices include talismans, charms, and certain rituals believed to have protective or harmful powers.
Books for Further Studies
- “Magic and Divination in Early Islam” by Emilie Savage-Smith
- “Islam Arasıüsünde Büyü” by Tahsin Yazıcı
- “The Forbidden Knowledge: A History of Hermeticism, Magic, Alchemy, and Science” by Arthur Versluis
Takeaways and Conclusion
- ʿILMU ʾS-SIḤR (علم السحر) signifies the complex and often contentious relationship between Islamic doctrine and the practice of magic.
- Understanding magic within Islam requires navigating its theological, legal, and cultural dimensions.
- Despite historical and cultural variances in its acceptance, mainstream Islamic teachings remain consistently against the practice of magic.
In conclusion, ʿILMU ʾS-SIḤR is more than just the study of magic; it is an interplay of belief, law, and cultural norms within the vast tapestry of Islam. As with many other elements of religious practice, the stance on magic reflects broader themes of morality, spirituality, and the adherence to monotheistic principles.
