ʿILMU ʾR-RIYĀẒAH (علم الرياضة)
Definition
ʿILMU ʾR-RIYĀẒAH (علم الرياضة) refers to the Islamic science of mathematics, encompassing a broad range of mathematical disciplines. The understanding and study of mathematics in Islamic civilization are deep and multifaceted, often dividing into specialized fields.
Etymology and Translations
- Arabic: ʿILMU ʾR-RIYĀẒAH (علم الرياضة)
- Turkish: Riyâzî İlimler
Subdivisions in Islamic Mathematical Sciences
According to historical sources like the Kashfu ʾz̤-Z̤unūn, ʿILMU ʾR-RIYĀẒAH is traditionally divided into four key sections:
- Handasah (هندسة): Geometry
- Ḥi’ah (هيئة): Astronomy
- Ḥisāb (حساب): Arithmetic
- Mūsīqā (موسيقى): Music
Geometry (Handasah)
Geometry in Islamic mathematics was not just theoretical but also practical. It played a significant role in architectural design, particularly in the construction of mosques and palaces.
Astronomy (Ḥi’ah)
Astronomy, or Ḥi’ah, has been a vital science throughout Islamic history. Muslim astronomers made significant contributions in observational techniques and astronomical theories, often intertwining this knowledge with religious practices, such as determining prayer times and Qibla direction.
Arithmetic (Ḥisāb)
Arithmetic was indispensable for daily life, trade, and financial dealings. Muslim mathematicians introduced important concepts like the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, which significantly impacted mathematics globally.
Music (Mūsīqā)
Mūsīqā represents the mathematical principles applied to sounds and rhythms. It illustrates the interdisciplinary nature of ʿILMU ʾR-RIYĀẒAH where mathematics meets art.
Suggested Books for Further Study
- Islamic Mathematics by J.L. Berggren - A comprehensive overview of mathematical contributions from the Islamic world.
- Science and Civilization in Islam by Seyyed Hossein Nasr - Offers a broader context of how mathematical sciences fit within Islamic scientific traditions.
- A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam by George Saliba - Focuses on the applications of Ḥi’ah.
Takeaways
- ʿILMU ʾR-RIYĀẒAH underscores the rich and varied contributions of Islamic scholars to the field of mathematics.
- The division into geometry, astronomy, arithmetic, and music highlights the interdisciplinary nature of Islamic sciences.
- Islamic mathematics significantly influenced Western intellect and scientific progress, especially during the Medieval period.
Conclusion
ʿILMU ʾR-RIYĀẒAH exemplifies the holistic approach of Islamic civilization towards the study of mathematics. It not only advanced scientific knowledge but also integrated it into daily life and religious practices, thereby enriching both Islamic culture and global mathematical traditions.
For a closer look into each of the subdivisions and their interconnectedness within Islamic science, the recommended literature provides an in-depth exploration.
