ʿIlmu ʾl-Handasah (علم الهندسة)
Definition
ʿIlmu ʾl-Handasah (علم الهندسة) refers to the science of geometry. In traditional Islamic scholarship, the term encompasses the study and application of geometric principles and methods, often linking practical use with profound philosophical and theological implications.
Etymology
The term “ʿIlmu ʾl-Handasah” is derived from Arabic, where:
- ʿIlm (علم) translates to “science” or “knowledge.”
- Handasah (هندسة) translates to “geometry” or “engineering.”
In Turkish, the term is similar and spelled “İlm-i Hendese” (علم الهندسة).
Historical Context and Significance
Geometry, or ʿIlmu ʾl-Handasah, held a significant position within the Islamic Golden Age (8th to 14th centuries). Islamic scholars made substantial contributions to geometry, enhancing the mathematical foundation laid by ancient Greeks like Euclid. The importance of geometry in Islam is evident in various fields:
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Architecture: Islamic architectural marvels, such as mosques, palaces, and madrasas, prominently feature intricate geometric designs. The use of mathematical precision in these designs reflects the Islamic worldview of seeking divine harmony and balance.
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Astronomy: Knowledge of geometry was crucial for Islamic astronomers. It enabled the precise calculation of celestial movements and helped determine accurate prayer times and the direction of Qibla (the direction of Kaaba in Mecca).
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Art: Islamic art and calligraphy are rich in geometric patterns. These patterns are often seen as visual representations of the divinely ordered cosmos.
Contributions by Prominent Islamic Scholars
- Al-Khwarizmi: Known for his works on algebra, he also contributed to geometric methods and introduced techniques that simplified complex calculations.
- Al-Battani: His works in astronomy and trigonometry influenced later developments in geometry.
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen): His Book of Optics laid the framework for geometrical optics and visual perception.
Suggested Books for Further Study
- “A History of Arabic Astronomy” by George Saliba.
- “Islamic Geometric Patterns: Their Historical Development and Traditional Methods of Construction” by Jay Bonner.
- “Islamic Art and Architecture: From Isfahan to the Taj Mahal” by Robert Hillenbrand.
- “The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance” by Jim Al-Khalili.
Takeaways
- ʿIlmu ʾl-Handasah is integral to understanding Islamic contributions to mathematics and science.
- Geometry in Islamic culture transcends mere theoretical study and finds practical application in various cultural and scientific domains.
- Islamic geometric patterns in art and architecture signify an aesthetic and philosophical quest for order, beauty, and spirituality.
Conclusion
The study of ʿIlmu ʾl-Handasah is essential for appreciating the rich tapestry of Islamic civilization’s contributions to global knowledge. Geometry did not just fulfill practical needs but also served as a bridge to comprehend the universe’s divine order.
