ʿILMU ʾL-ḤISĀB (عـلـم الحساب)
Definition
ʿILMU ʾL-ḤISĀB (عـلـم الحساب) is the Arabic term for “arithmetic.” It refers to the branch of mathematics dealing with the study of numbers and their operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In the Islamic Golden Age, arithmetic was a fundamental aspect of mathematical instruction and was critical for various scholarly and practical applications.
Etymology
The term can be broken down as follows:
- ʿILM (علم): Meaning “science” or “knowledge.”
- AL-ḤISĀB (الحساب): Meaning “calculation” or “reckoning.”
Thus, ʿILMU ʾL-ḤISĀB literally translates to “the science of calculation,” signifying its foundational role in Islamic sciences.
Arabic and Turkish Translations
- Arabic: عـلـم الحساب
- Turkish: Hesap Bilimi
Historical Significance
Islamic Contribution
Muslim scholars made significant contributions to the field of arithmetic, blending knowledge from earlier civilizations and making seminal advancements:
- Al-Khwārizmī (c. 780-850 CE): Known as the “father of algebra,” his works were foundational in popularizing the use of the decimal system and introducing algorithms for computational processes.
- Abu’l-Wafa (940–998 CE): Made advances in arithmetic and number theory, which were critical for developing trigonometry.
Applications
The practical applications of ʿILMU ʾL-ḤISĀB were widespread, including its use in:
- Commerce: Calculations for trade and daily transactions.
- Astronomy: Calculations for celestial observations and navigation.
- Islamic Inheritance Laws: Ensuring precise division of estates as stipulated in the Qur’an.
Further Studies and Influential Books
For those interested in deepening their understanding of ʿILMU ʾL-ḤISĀB, the following books and resources are recommended:
- “The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa” by Robert of Chester - Translation of Al-Khwārizmī’s works.
- “Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance” by George Saliba.
- “A History of Arabic Sciences and Mathematics” by Roshdi Rashed.
- “Mathematics in Medieval Islam” by J. L. Berggren.
Takeaways
- ʿILMU ʾL-ḤISĀB is a term encapsulating the essential science of arithmetic in the Islamic tradition.
- The contributions of Islamic scholars in this field were crucial for the development of modern mathematics.
- The practical applications of arithmetic in Islamic civilization were diverse, spanning commerce, astronomy, and religious law.
Conclusion
Understanding ʿILMU ʾL-ḤISĀB deepens our appreciation for the Islamic Golden Age’s contributions to mathematics. The advancements made by Muslim scholars not only preserved but also significantly enhanced mathematical knowledge, laying the groundwork for modern arithmetic and algebra.
