ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid (عـلـم العقائد)
ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid (عـلـم العقائد), also known as ʿIlmu ʾl-Kalām, is the field of Islamic theology that deals with the study of Islamic beliefs and doctrines. The term is derived from Arabic, where “ʿilm” means “knowledge” and “ʿaqāʾid” refers to “creeds” or “beliefs.”
Etymology and Translation
- Arabic: عـلـم العقائد (ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid)
- Turkish: Akâid İlmi or Kelâm İlmi
Overview
ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid is central to understanding Islamic thought as it encapsulates the theological principles that form the foundation of a Muslim’s faith. It involves the rational investigation and affirmation of essential Islamic beliefs such as the oneness of God (Tawhid), prophethood, and eschatology.
Key Concepts
- Tawhid (توحيد): The oneness and uniqueness of Allah.
- Nubuwwah (نبوة): The belief in the prophets as messengers of Allah.
- Ma’ad (معاد): Belief in the Day of Judgment and life after death.
- Qadar (قدر): Predestination; the divine decree and its implementation in the world.
Historical Context
ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid emerged as a distinct discipline during the early Islamic centuries as Muslim scholars engaged with pre-existing theological discussions and philosophies of other cultures, including Greek and Persian thought. Prominent theologians like Al-Ashʿari and Al-Maturidi developed systematic approaches to Islamic creed, thus providing a structured framework for later scholars.
Major Schools of Thought
- Ashʿarism: Founded by Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī, emphasizes predestination and divine justice.
- Māturīdism: Initiated by Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī, focuses on God’s justice and human free will.
- Muʿtazilism: Known for its emphasis on rationalism and justice of God.
Importance
ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid is crucial for Islamic scholarship and personal piety, shaping the intellectual foundation upon which other areas of Islamic studies like jurisprudence (fiqh) and ethical conduct (akhlaq) are built.
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “The Creed of Imam al-Tahawi” by Abu Ja’far al-Tahawi
- “A History of Islamic Theology: From Muhammad to the Present” by Tilman Nagel
- “Islamic Theology and Philosophy: Studies in Honor of George F. Hourani” by M. E. Marmura
- “Al-Kalam fi ma’ni al-kalam” by Abu Mansur al-Maturidi
Takeaways
- ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid is foundational to understanding the central doctrines of Islam.
- It integrates rational inquiry with theological principles to affirm and explain core Islamic beliefs.
- The discipline has historical roots that involve complex interactions with other philosophical traditions.
Conclusion
ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid serves as the cornerstone of Islamic theology, guiding Muslims in their understanding and affirmation of faith. As a dynamic and evolving field, it continues to respond to contemporary issues while rooted in classical principles.
For those interested in deepening their understanding of Islamic beliefs, the study of ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid provides a comprehensive foundation and a pathway to exploring the rich intellectual traditions of Islam.
